Compare Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators - 1199 Words

Compare Relationship Between Intrinsic Extrinsic Motivation USP MBA Program - Presentation – Trimester 1 – 2011 by Group 8 Members Mukhtar Ahmed Nitesh Chandra ; Gabriel Pen ; Ateca C. Vakatora ; Devina R. Rao ; Salote Naulivou Objectives: To define motivation To define Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation To give examples of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations Identify the relationship between Intrinsic Extrinsic motivations using the theories that discuss the relationship and give examples. Conclusion Motivation What is motivation? Process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. Why motivation is needed? – To increase job satisfaction – To increase†¦show more content†¦Conclusion Extrinsic motivation e.g. Money is the critical incentive to motivation in todays work environment However , motivation differs from individual to individual and with their respective beliefs and values, circumstances and culture. It is important for mangers to identify which motivation factor works with which employee and apply it respectively In any environment, both Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations are needed for work satisfaction and work performance References Swenson, D. Expectancy and equity theories of motivation. The College of St. Scholastica Website. Retrieved from http://faculty.css.edu/dswenson/web/OB/VIEtheory.html Robbins, Judge, Millet, Marsh, 2008, Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition, Pearson Theories that dont discuss Intrinsic Extrinsic factors†¦.cont’d Two Factor Theory (Herzberg) The two are independent. Extrinsic motivation decrease dis-satisfaction. E.g. A renovated office decreases workers dissatisfaction. Intrinsic motivation increases job satisfaction. E.g . Volunteers are motivated by intrinsic factors. Suicide bombers Human Motivation Theory of needs (McClellands) How well people perform in work situation is related to their need for Achievement, Power or Affiliation Achievement Power – Intrinsic factors Affiliation – Extrinsic factor E.g. *Both these theories lackShow MoreRelatedTheories on Motivation Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesdesire and ambition and they all work in tandem (Sasson, 2001). Motivation is influenced or caused by factors known as motivators. According to Sigmund Freud, we are compelled to act by unconscious forces within us, which he called our id (Hofstede, 1980). Motivators are either intrinsic (from within) or extrinsic (from without). Intrinsic motivational factors refer to motivators that come from within an individual. They are not influenced by external factors. 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Motivation comes within the person and the interest and the spark of curiosity must be ignited, as teachers we gain motivation by rewards, and gradesRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. In centives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic approach, Taylorism and Fordism have a part in perception of motivation. The first theory is incentive theory which suggests people are motivated to do things because of external rewards after an action is preformedRead MoreThe Correlation Between Employee Satisfaction And Their Productivity Within The Work Environment1473 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause it has various meanings to different people. One of the best-rounded definitions can be found in the business dictionary. It states that the organizational effectiveness will generally be expressed in terms of how well its net profitability compares with its target profitability (Organizational Effectiveness, 2014, p. 1). The definition concludes that additional measures may include growth data and the results of customer satisfaction surveys. As stated earlier in this research paper, employeeRead MoreEmployee Motivation Essay examples1875 Words   |  8 Pagesthem and increase their passion and creativity (Bates 2009). Frey and Osterloh (2000) found that there are two types of motivation, which are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation defined as a motivation that is â€Å"valued for its own sake and appears to be self-sustained† (Frey and Osterloh 2000, p. 539). In other words, intrinsic motivation is a motivation that motivates people to do some activity based on individual’s need and satisfaction. For example, students maybeRead MoreThe Importance of Motivation Essays2109 Words   |  9 Pages Table Of Contents II. INTRO 1 III. Define Motivation 1 IV. Hierarchy of Needs 1 - 2 V. INTRINSIC REWARDS 2 VI. EXTRINSIC REWARDS 2 - 4 VII. CONTENT MOTIVATION 4 ERG Theory 4 Two Factor Theory 4 - 5 VIII. PROCESS MOTIVATION 5 Equity Theory 5 Goal-Setting Theory 5 - 6 Expectancy Theory 6 IX. CONCLUSION 7 X. WORKS CITED 8 II. INTRO One of the key aspects of managementRead MoreMotivating in Management2285 Words   |  10 Pagesmotivation in the work place was conceived as an idea. As of now, there are several theories to what kind of motivation works the best to get an employee motivated to produce their best work. Unfortunately, many try motivating employees by using extrinsic rewards, such as cash or the like. What they dont realize is that in the long run, this is making their employees less productive than they were to start with. III. Define Motivation To be able to understand what motivates someone, we first mustRead MoreMotivational Theories Of Increase Employees Productivity, Efficiency, Performance, And Capacity1239 Words   |  5 Pagestheory is self-actualisation that is directly linked with achievement and accomplishment (Skemp-Arlt Toupence, 2007). Figure 2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Pattiken, 2014) 2. Herzberg’s two-factor theory is mainly focused on motivators and hygiene factors. Motivators are the factors that force employees to perform best whereas hygiene factors are related to several factors that demotivate employees to perform specific job (Bagad, 2008). Figure 3 Herzberg’s two-factor theory (Management Study

Management Of Transient Ischaemic Attacks Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The NICE guidelines and the National Stroke Strategy ( 2008 ) emphasises the importance of measuring all patients with a suspected TIA within a hebdomad and all high hazard patients within 24 hours. This is to enable originating appropriate direction. This includes life manner steps such as weight decrease, smoking surcease, cutting back on intoxicant etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Of Transient Ischaemic Attacks Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now in add-on to turn toing hazard factors for shot. Suitable patients are referred for surgical intercession. This systematic reappraisal will look at all these issues and expression at the grounds for medical and surgical intercessions and the timing of the surgery, the type of surgery etc. Around 15,000 people per twelvemonth have a suspected TIA but presently merely 35 % of people are investigated and managed in a timely manner. There is a 20 % hazard of shot within the first 4 hebdomads after shot. Investigating and handling bad patients with TIA within 24 hours could bring forth an 80 % decrease in the figure of people who go on to hold a full shot. The hazard of shot after a TIA is approximately 12 % in the first twelvemonth and so about 7 % per twelvemonth thenceforth. There is a high hazard of shot in the seven yearss after TIA, perchance every bit high as 10 % . The hazard of shot, bosom onslaught or vascular decease is about 10 % a twelvemonth. This is approximately seven times the hazard in the background population. [ From thee Stroke Website ] Purposes The intent of this reappraisal is to discourse the rapid appraisal and early direction aimed at cut downing ischemic encephalon harm, and in the instance of TIAs, forestalling subsequent shot. This will be achieved by utilizing the most recent and up-to-date grounds from the literature. Introduction A transeunt ischemic onslaught ( TIA ) is defined as an acute loss of focal encephalon or monocular map with symptoms enduring less than 24 hours and which is thought to be caused by unequal cerebral or optic blood supply as a consequence of arterial thrombosis, low flow or intercalation associated with arterial, cardiac or hematologic disease. [ Hatano 1976 – Page 1 G.Book ] . More late in 2002, Albers et Als proposed a revised definition for TIA, adding that there is no grounds of acute infarction on encephalon imagination. Infracted tissue is non ever obvious on imagination and so this definition has non yet been widely adopted. Stroke is the 3rd most common cause of mortality in the developed universe and there are a figure of preventable causes. Over the past 30 old ages, the direction of shot has changed at a phenomenal rate. New probes help direct patient choice for specific therapies and may well increase the opportunity of a successful curative result. Specialists have seen a broad scope of therapies introduced for the direction of TIAs and acute ischemic shot. These progresss have led to a theoretical account displacement in intervention, which is apparent in the protective direction of shot victims today. Methods ( See ‘Methods ‘ in Appendix 1 ) . Epidemiology of TIA For us to understand the clinical direction of TIAs and shots, to be after clinical services or to plan randomised controlled tests, and to mensurate the overall impact of interventions, it is of import to understand the epidemiology of TIAs and shots. Each twelvemonth at that place are about one million shots in Europe. [ Sudlow and Warlow – Pg 3 G.Book ] . Approximately 25 % of work forces and 20 % of adult females can anticipate to hold a shot if they live to be 85 old ages old and shot is the 2nd most common cause of decease worldwide. [ Murray and Lopez 1996 – Pg 3 G.Book ] . Mortality information underestimates the true load of shot since in contrast to coronary bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease, the major load of shot is chronic disablement instead than decease [ Wolfe page 4 g.book ] . Strokes cause 23 % of healthy old ages lost and about 50 % of old ages of life lived with disablement in Europe. Stroke causes many secondary unwellness such as ; dementedness, depression, epilepsy, falls and breaks. In the UK the costs of shot are estimated to be about twice those of coronary bosom disease, accounting for about 6 % of entire NHS outgo. [ Rothwell 2001 – Pg4 G.Book ] . In add-on to shots, TIAs are besides common, and it is estimated that 54,000 TIAs occur yearly in England. Rothwell and Warlow estimate that about 20 % of shots are preceded by a TIA. MRI of patients who have suffered a TIA lasting longer than an hr shows that over 50 % have seeable countries of infarction. Technically they have non suffered a ‘stroke ‘ but a intellectual infarction. This emphasizes that TIA and shot are a continuum. The epidemiology of TIA is a batch more ambitious than that of shots since patients with TIAs are more heterogenous and present to a assortment of different clinical services, if they present to medical attending at all. Furthermore, dependable diagnosing of TIA requires early and adept clinical appraisal, as there is no diagnostic trial for TIA, doing epidemiological surveies really labour intensive and expensive. Aetiology and Clinical Presentation The causes of TIAs are the same as the causes of shot, with the caution that the huge bulk of TIAs appear to be caused by ischemia instead than haemmorhage. In a TIA it is of import to find the site of the cerebrovascular lesion since this narrows down the likely implicit in aetiology and enables appropriate aiming of probes. The differential diagnosing of TIA differs from that of shot due to the transeunt nature of its symptoms. Hints in the history and on scrutiny can direct the tester to the likely underlying cause, enabling specific intervention to commence and secondary bar. [ Pg 113 G. Book – first parity ] A diagnosing of TIA is supported by a sudden oncoming and definite ‘focal ‘ symptoms, sudden oncoming and definite focal symptoms in the history and grounds of vascular disease on scrutiny [ manus et Al Pg 104 G. book ] . The most common of the symptoms can be seen in Table Ten: Symptoms Frequency ( % ) Unilateral failing, weightiness, or awkwardness 50 Unilateral sensory symptoms 35 Dysarthrias 23 Transient Monocular Blindness ( Amaurosis Fugax ) 18 Dysphasia 18 Ataxia 12 Bilateral coincident sightlessness 7 Dizziness 5 Homonymic Hemianopia 5 Diplopia 5 Bilateral Motor Loss 4 Dysphagia 1 Crossed Sensory and Motor Loss 1 The symptoms of a TIA enable classification of onslaught by arterial district affected ; carotid in about 80 % or vertebrobasilar in 20 % . This has of import deductions for farther probe and secondary bar. There are no trials to corroborate a TIA, and the gilded criterion method of diagnosing remains a thorough clinical appraisal every bit shortly as possible after the event by an experient shot doctor, although the coming of new imaging techniques, peculiarly diffusion weighted MRI has allowed the diagnosing to be made or excluded with more certainty in some patients. Probes and Imaging/Diagnosing techniques The function of imaging in TIA is to corroborate the diagnosing, confirm the vascular district affected ( where the lesion may be ) , and to place those people who would profit from carotid intercession. [ 1- pg 8 Imaging Guidelines ] . The chief modes for imaging the encephalon parenchyma are CT and MRI. These are progressively being used to measure the intellectual vasculature in TIAs. In TIAs and minor shots neuro-imaging is required to: Exclude stroke mimics Distinguish between haemorrhagic and ischaemic events Determine the Aetiology, eg: carotid stricture with lesions in multiple vascular districts Identify patients at high hazard of early recurrent shot, in order to aim suited intervention. Sensitivity and specificity of different imaging modes varies with the pre-test chance, the nature of the lesion, the hold from event to imagination, whilst expertness in imaging techniques besides varies greatly. Hence when doing determinations about imagination after TIA, the pick of imagination will depend on all these factors, every bit good as patient safety, tolerability and contraindications. For illustration see Table X, for the advantages and disadvantage of CT versus MRI in TIA and minor shot. [ Page 132 – G.Book ] . Imaging Modality Advantages Disadvantages Connecticut Low Cost and broad handiness Low sensitiveness for little acute ischemic lesions Superior sensing of haemmorhage in early stage Low sensitiveness for mimics, particularly tumors. Radiation exposure IV contrast is nephrotoxic and potentially allergenic. Magnetic resonance imaging Superior sensitiveness for shot mimics Patient tolerability and contraindications Provides predictive information. Superior sensing of bleeding in the subacute and chronic stage Table – Advantages and Disadvantages of CT and MRI in minor shot and TIA. In cohorts of patients with suspected TIA who were referred straight for scanning by primary attention doctors, prior to expert reappraisal by a shot doctor, rates of alternate diagnosings were high, likely reflecting high rates of misdiagnosis prior to imaging. [ Lemesle et Al 1998 – G.Book Page 132 ] Non-Radiological Probes for TIA First-line probes include ; basic blood and urine trials at presentation. Table Ten shows the baseline non-imaging trials for TIAs and shots. Probe Disorders detected Full Blood Count Anemia Polycythaemia Leukemia Thrombocythaemia/thrombocytopenia Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate/ C-Reactive Protein Vasculitis Infective Endocarditis Hyperviscosity Myxoma Electrolytes Hyponatraemia Hypokalaemia Urea Nephritic Damage Plasma Glucose Diabetess Hypoglycemia Plasma Lipids Lipemia Urine Analysis Diabetess Nephritic Disease Vasculitis Second-line probes must be chosen suitably since the likeliness of a relevant consequence depends on the choice of patients and farther probe will incur more cost. [ Page 174 G.Book ] . Cardiac jobs such as AF – echocardiogram may demo atrial thrombus, aneurism of the anterior wall of the left ventricle with mural thrombus, atrial myxoma or left side valve disease. Cardiac monitoring may demo paroxysmal AF. Doppler surveies of the carotid and vertebral arterias may demo contracting. This probe may be followed by Carotid angiography and Carotid endarterectomy if stricture is a least 70 % . It may be argued that full probe for CHD should be initiated, as the most common cause of decease after TIA is MI. Table 1 Secondary probes by the specializer services Short-run forecast after TIA Recent research has shown that the hazard of shot instantly after TIA is considerable [ Giles and Rothwell 2007, pg 195 G.book ] . However, this poses a challenge to clinical services because it leaves many TIA sick persons at a hazard of a major shot in the short term. Predictive tools have been developed to place patients at high and low hazard in order to inform public instruction, assistance effectual triage to secondary attention and direct secondary preventative intervention. Datas from population-based surveies and tests suggest that 20 % of patients with shots have a preceding TIA. [ Rothwell and Warlow 2005 – Pg 195 G.Book ] . A recent systematic reappraisal identified 18 independent cohorts, all published since 2000, describing shot hazard in 10,126 patients with TIA [ Giles and Rothwell 2007 – Pg 196 G.Book ] . 3.1 % shot hazard at two yearss and 5.2 % shot hazard at seven yearss. ABCD2 score – proof? i? See Document 48395 – Page 9 of 27. A new marking system for two twenty-four hours hazard of shot following TIA, dubed ABCD2. The Hazard factors employed in the ABCD2 marking system for 2 twenty-four hours hazard of post-TIA can be seen in table Ten: Hazard Factor Valuess Points Age a†°? 60 old ages 1 Blood Pressure lift ( either/or ) Systolic a†°? 140 millimeter Hg Diastolic a†°? 90 millimeter Hg 1 Clinical Features ( either/or ) Unilateral failing Speech damage without failing 2 1 Duration of TIA a†°? 60 min 10-59 min 2 1 Diabetess Yes/ No 1 ( Reference = Johnston SC et al – Lancet 2007 369 ( 9558 ) :283-292. ) Recognition of Symptoms and delays to direction Pressing direction of patients with TIA depends upon the right acknowledgment of symptoms and appropriate action by patients and their fleet triage to specialist attention where probe and intervention are quickly initiated. Public consciousness and behavioral surveies are missing, nevertheless, one survey of cognition among the general populace indicated that 2.3 % of a indiscriminately selected sample of people in the USA have been told by a doctor that they had a TIA, based on self-report in a telephone study conducted in 2003 [ Johnston et al – Pg 239 G.Book ] . However an extra 3.2 % of respondents recalled symptoms consistent with TIA but had non sought medical attending at all and accordingly had non been diagnosed by a physician. Of those with ‘diagnosed ‘ TIA, merely 64 % had seen a physician within 24 hours of the event. Merely 8.2 % right related the definition of TIA, and 8.6 % were able to place a typical symptom. This suggests that frequent public instruction is required non merely on the nature of a TIA but besides what to make in the event of one. Recognition Tools Several tools have been devised to help the right acknowledgment of shot and TIA symptoms. In the pre-hospital scene, FAST, LAPPS and CPSS have been designed for usage by exigency services to guarantee rapid conveyance of patients to specialist attention. In the exigency puting ROSIER mark has been designed to help exigency doctors in diagnosing. The chief purpose of these tools has been to increase the Numberss of patients showing to hospital within three hours and, therefore, addition eligibility interventions. However due to the increasing accent on rapid direction for minor shot and TIA, their usage in informing public instruction and right diagnosing of minor shot and TIA is likely to go more widespread. The ABCD system was so developed to foretell the early hazard of shot following a TIA, and one of its chief utilizations has been in triage between primary and secondary attention. [ Rothwell et all 2005 – pg 241 G. book ] . Discussion of the Management of TIAs – Critical Reviewing ( Use Diagrams and Tables ) Although the acute intervention of major shot, TIA and minor shot have many common elements, there are of import differences. In the acute intervention of TIA, the purpose is secondary bar of a disenabling shot, which might follow in the immediate hours and yearss after the initial event, as opposed to reversal of any neurological shortage caused by the shot itself. To cut down the hold in intervention, improved public instruction and improved triage to secondary attention and coordinated patient direction in specialist units are critical facets of intervention in TIAs. However there is a greater focal point on pressing, effectual secondary bar for TIA and minor shot. Although the construct of TIA arose in the 1950s and interventions for it were proven effectual, it was non until 2007 that the first studies were published on the feasibleness and effectivity of pressing appraisal and intervention of TIA in specialist units [ Rothwell 2007 – Pg 239 G.Book ] . Lifestyle Alteration All tobacco users, including those with a history of shot or TIA, should be advised to halt, and intercessions such as guidance, nicotine replacing should be used if needed to assist them accomplish this. [ 257-263 ] . Avoiding extra intoxicant is reasonable and everyone including those who have suffered from a TIA or shot, should avoid heavy imbibing. Although a twosome of units of intoxicant per twenty-four hours may protect against future vascular events. [ 274-276 ] Reducing dietetic salt intake reduces BP, peculiarly in the aged with high BP, possibly ensuing in long term decrease in vascular events. It may besides assist those on antihypertensive medicine to halt their intervention without a rise in BP. It is advisable for old TIA or stroke sick persons to cut down consumption of concentrated fat, since it produces moderate decrease in cholesterin degrees, which are associated with little decreases in vascular events. [ 279-281 ] . Corpulent persons should be encouraged to lose weight utilizing dietetic or if necessary pharmacoligcal or surgical intercessions. All patients should have general advice about a healthy diet, low in concentrated fats, with plentifulness of fish, fruit, fiber and veggies. These intercessions have good effects on vascular hazard factors and seem likely to bring forth little decreases in vascular results despite there being no clear grounds that they do. [ 286-289 ] The Medical Management – Secondary Prevention Numerous interventions have been shown to forestall shot in the long term after a TIA, including antiplatelet agents such as acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, and the combination of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and extended release dipyridamole [ CAPRIE 1996 – pg241 GB ] ; blood force per unit area take downing drugs [ PROGRESS 2001 ] ; statins [ Amarence et Al 2006 ] ; anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation [ European atrial sibrillation test survey group 1993 ] ; and endarterectomy for diagnostic carotid arteria stricture gt ; or equal to 50 % [ Rothwell 2003-04 ] . If the effects of all these interventions are independent, combined usage of all these intercessions in the appropriate patients would be predicted to cut down hazard of recurrent shot by 80-90 % [ Hackam and Spence 2007 Pg241 GB ] . However tests of intervention in acute shot suggest that the benefits of several of these intercessions are even greater in the acute stage, until late there has merely been few dependable informations on the benefits of ague intervention after TIA. NICE guidelines suggest that appraisal and probe should be completed within one hebdomad of a TIA. [ Wolfe 1999, Johnston 2006, NICE 2008 – pg 242 GB ] . Rapid intervention of TIA can forestall up to 80 % of recurrent shots. [ Rothewell Pg 285 GB ] . There is considerable grounds associating to the effectivity of assorted interventions to cut down the hazards of vascular events after TIA and shot. See Table 1: Drug Test Treatment Aspirin Cast Aspirin versus placebo within 48 hours of major ischemic shot IST Aspirin versus placebo ( and SC heparin versus placebo ) acutely after major ischemic shot. Anti-thrombotic Trialists ‘ Collaboration Meta-analysis of tests analyzing antiplatelet agents in patients at high hazard of occlusive vascular disease. Dipyridamole Clairvoyances 2 Aspirin and Modified Release Dipyridamole versus placebo in a 2Ãâ€"2 factorial design started within 3 months of TIA or ischemic shot. Esprit Aspirin versus acetylsalicylic acid plus dipyridamole started within 6 months of TIA or minor shot. Clopidogrel Match Clopidogrel versus acetylsalicylic acid plus clopidogrel within 6 months of ischemic shot or TIA. Charisma Aspirin versus acetylsalicylic acid plus clopidogrel in patients with cardiovascular disease or multiple hazard factors ( including ischemic shot ) FASTER Aspirin versus acetylsalicylic acid plus clopidogrel in the ague stage after TIA or minor ischemic shot. Antihypertensive Drugs Advancement Perindopril plus or minus Indapamide versus placebo after TIA or ischemic shot in patients with or without high blood pressure. Cholesterol-lowering drugs Horsepower Simvastatin versus placebo in patients with coronary disease or other occlusive vascular disease including TIA or shot. SPARCL Atorvastatin versus placebo started within 1 to 6 months of TIA or ischemic shot. Table: Major tests and meta-analyses lending to the grounds base for medical intervention in secondary bar after TIA and ischemic shot Variation in intervention worldwide: Unsurprisingly there is considerable international fluctuation in how patients with suspected TIA are treated in the acute stage, possibly due to the historical deficiency of grounds. For case, Gallic and German health care systems provide immediate exigency inmate attention and the average infirmary stay is about seven yearss [ albucher ] , whilst other systems ( such as Canada ) provide non-emergency outpatient clinic appraisal [ Johnston and Smith 1999, Goldstein 2000 – pg 242 ] . For illustration a Canadian survey showed that in more than one tierce of the patients, antithrombotic therapy was non prescribed on discharge. In the UK, the standard agencies of appraisal and direction is a neurovascular outpatient clinic ( â€Å" TIA Clinic † ) [ Intercollegiate working party for Stroke 2004 – Page 242 ] . Antiplatelet Agents Several big controlled tests have now compared antithrombotic therapy ( antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents ) versus control in acute ischemic shot these have been big and have provided dependable grounds on safety or efficaciousness. Antiplatelet drugs such as acetylsalicylic acids can be effectual in the secondary bar of ‘serious vascular events ‘ ( Stroke, MI, and Vascular decease ) [ 12 from the IST survey ] . If taken for a few old ages after a myocardial infarction, ischemic shot, or transeunt ischemic onslaught ( TIA ) , antiplatelet therapy typically avoids about 40 serious vascular events per 1000 patients treated. In acute ischemic shot there is significant thrombocyte activation, which can be inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid. [ 2,14,15,16 from IST ] . Aspirin was by far the most widely studied antiplatelet drug in the ATT ( antithrombotics triallists coaction ) reappraisal. Among about 60,000 high hazard patients, excepting those with acute ischemic shot, aspirin entirely reduced the odds of a serious vascular event by one one-fourth. Almost 10,000 of these patients had a anterior TIA or ischemic shot. Aspirin significantly reduced the comparative odds of a serious vascular event by 17 % , matching to an absolute hazard decrease of 30 per 1000 over 3 old ages. Controversy has surrounded the most appropriate dosage of acetylsalicylic acid, clinicians have argued about doses runing from 30 milligrams to 1500 mg. [ 158-160 Big book chapter 16 ] . Theoretical grounds suggest lower doses might in fact be more good than higher doses. After sing all the available grounds from direct and indirect comparings in bad patients, it seems sensible to reason that acetylsalicylic acid at a dosage of 75-150 mg day-to-day is every bit effectual as higher doses and is most appropriate for long-run secondary bar of serious vascular events to maximise benefits and to minimise inauspicious effects. Doses below 75 milligrams day-to-day may be as effectual, but this still remains rather unsure. Patients with TIA or acute shot, should be treated with acetylsalicylic acid every bit shortly as operable after encephalon imagination has excluded bleeding. Sandercock et al 2003 reviewed two really big randomised controlled test ( International Stroke Collaborative Group 1997 ( IST ) and Chinese Acute Stroke Trial Collaborative Group ( CAST ) which together randomised over 40,000 patients. Sandercock clearly established that get downing aspirin therapy within the first 48 hours of acute ischemic shot avoids decease or disablement at six months for about 10 patients per 1000 patients treated. A farther 10 patients per 1,000 treated will retrieve wholly. intracranial and extracranial bleeding are reported with aspirin therapy but this has low rates, and it is offset by the benefit of excess lives saved. In the IST, patients were allocated, in an unfastened factorial design, to intervention policies of: 300 milligrams aspirin daily, Lipo-Hepin, the combination, or to ‘avoid both acetylsalicylic acids and Lipo-Hepin ‘ for 14 yearss. In the CAST, patients were allocated, in a double-blind design, to 1 month of 160mg aspirin day-to-day or fiting placebo [ Get references 156 and 157 from Chapter 12 -Big Book ] . There is no clear consensus about whether acetylsalicylic acid should be given before encephalon imagination. This is applicable in state of affairss where entree to imagination is delayed or where drugs could be administered by ambulance staff. [ IST 1997 ] There is besides no clear grounds that any peculiar dosage of acetylsalicylic acid is more effectual that others. However symptoms of aspirin toxicity are dose-related, so the smallest effectual dosage should be used. Initial dosage of 150-300mg per twenty-four hours is advised for the acute stage, followed by long-run intervention with 75-150mg per twenty-four hours. Patients intolerant to aspirin should be treated with clopidogrel or with dipryidamole, these newer agents are well more dearly-won than acetylsalicylic acids. Alternate Antiplatelet therapies/regimens Aspirin acts on merely one of a figure of tracts taking to platelet activation and so thrombosis. Antiplatelet drugs moving through different tracts might hence be more effectual than aspirin if given as options to, or combined with, acetylsalicylic acid. Several recent big tests have provided information about alternate antiplatelet regimens. Clopidogrel V acetylsalicylic acid: A systematic reappraisal of RCTs of a thienopyridine V acetylsalicylic acid in bad patients identified 10 relevant tests in 26,865 patients. Aspirin was compared with clopidogrel in one test of 19,185 patients with ischemic shot and with ticlopidine in the staying nine tests in a sum of 7,633 patients, most of whom had a recent TIA or minor shot. Thienopyridines modestly and significantly reduced the odds of a serious vascular event compared with acetylsalicylic acid. [ 174 from chapter 16 BB ] . No important inauspicious effects were found in footings of bleeding. On the other manus the thienopyridines were associated with lower hazard of GI shed blooding. [ 174 ] . Few tests that have compared clopdogrel and ticlopidine have straight suggested better safety and tolerability with clopidogrel, doing it the theienopyridine of pick on safety evidences [ 183-185 BB ch 16 ] . In drumhead, clopidogrel is every bit effectual as acetylsalicylic acid and slightly perchance more so. The high cost of clopidogrel and the uncertainness of any extra benefit compared to aspirin do it unreasonable to propose that it should replace aspirin as the first pick antiplatelet drug for all patients at high vascular hazard. It is a sensible alternate antiplatelet drug for patients with a history of TIA or minor shot, who are truly allergic to aspirin. There is presently no grounds from RCTs to back up the usage of combination of clopidogrel plus acetylsalicylic acid to forestall vascular events in patients with TIAs. Antiplatelet therapy reduces the hazard of perennial vascular events after TIA. Most test informations concerns aspirin nevertheless, clopidogrel { CAPRIE Steering commission 1996 ) and drawn-out release dipyridamole ( Sivenius 1991 ) have besides been shown to be effectual in their ain mechanisms of action. Combination Antiplatelet therapy: The combination of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole is more effectual than aspirin alone [ Diener et Al 1996, Halkes et al 2006 ) . This combination shows a comparative decrease in the hazard of perennial shot of around 30 % compared with aspirin entirely. On the contrary, the combination of clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid was non superior to clopidogrel entirely in secondary bar after shot, TIA or other vascular disease in the MATCH and CHARISMA tests. [ Diener et al 2004, Bhatt et al 2007 ] . However there was no important tendency towards benefit from combination antiplatelet intervention in the MATCH test, there was besides a higher hazard of bleeding after 18 months in the combination therapy, which was non evident until 4 months into the test. Consequently, it is possible that draw a bead oning along with a short class of clopidogrel may be effectual in the ague stage after a TIA and minor shot. Antiplatelet agents: – prevent extension of arterial thrombus, prevent thrombocyte collection in microcirculation, prevent re-embolisation from embolic beginning, cut down release of eicosanoids and other neurotoxic agents. Aspirin: – inhibits COX-1, cut downing dislocation of arachadonic acid to thromboxane A2 and thrombocyte granule release. Clopidogrel and other thienopyridines: – encirclement of thrombocyte membrane ADP receptors, suppressing ADP-dependent thrombocyte activation and granule release. Dipyridamole: – Inhibition of phosphodiesterase, doing lift of intracellular thrombocyte cyclicAMP and a attendant decrease in Ca suppressions ; this thrombocyte activation and granule releases. [ TABLE 24.2 – Page 287 G.B ] Anticoagulation and patients with AF: Immediate therapy with decoagulants such as LMWH, unfractionated Lipo-Hepin, and heparinoids in patients with acute ischemic shot is non associated with net short- or long-run benefit [ IST 2007 – Berge 2007, Wong et Al 2007 – Pg 258 GB. ] . These agents cut down the hazard of DVT and PE, but are associated with important hazard of intracranial bleeding, which is dose dependent. Patients in AF after a presumed TIA benefit from anticoagulation in the long-run to forestall a farther shot. However, the best clip to get down therapy after an ischemic shot is ill-defined as the hazard of bleeding is hard to foretell. [ IST – Donnell 2006 – pg 258 GB ] . Patients in AF who have a TIA should be given anticoagulation therapy if there are no contraindications [ European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group 1993,1995 ] . Recent surveies have shown that Coumadin is every bit safe as acetylsalicylic acid in aged patients with AF [ Rash et Al 2007, Mant et al 2007 ] . Patients with presumed cardioembolic TIA or stroke secondary to other causes should surely have antithrombotic therapy. Besides they may profit from anticoagulation in other cardiac fortunes, but at that place have been no randomised controlled tests in state of affairss other than non-valvular AF. Anticoagulation is non effectual in secondary bar of shot for patients in sinus beat. Warfarin intervention to a mark INR of 3-4.5 was associated with important injury due to a big addition in major hemorrhage complications, particularly intracerebral bleeding, in patients with old TIA – in the Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial ( SPIRIT ) [ Algra et al 1997 ] The subsequent Warfarin versus Aspirin in the Secondary Prevention of Stroke ( WARSS ) test of aspirin versus Coumadin for patient in fistula beat and without cardioembolic beginning or with more than 50 % CAS ( carotid artery stricture ) showed no extra benefit for Coumadin at a mark INR of 1.4-2.8 [ Redman and Allen 2002 ] . There has been uncertainness as to whether anticoagulation is preferred to antiplatelet intervention for the secondary bar of ischemia relate to intracranial coronary artery disease. A robust randomised dual unsighted test ( WASID – Warfarin-Aspirin Diagnostic Intracranial Disease ) test of Coumadin, to a mark INR of 2-3, versus acetylsalicylic acid to 1300 milligrams per twenty-four hours in patients with 50-99 % stricture of a major intracranial arteria showed no important benefit for Coumadin over aspirin [ Chimowitz et Al 2005 – pg 287 G.B ] . In fact, Coumadin was associated with increased rate of bleeding and other inauspicious events ; as a consequence the survey was stopped early. However patients having Coumadin were in the curative scope for merely 63 % of the clip. Curative INR appeared to be associated with a much reduced incidence of ischemic shot and cardiac events, proposing that anticoagulation may supply increased benefit over acetylsalicylic acid if curative INR can be maintained much more systematically. FASTER: [ Kennedy FASTER et Al 2007 – pg 246 ] The FASTER randomised controlled pilot test, studied the benefit of clopidogrel versus placebo and Zocor versus placebo initiated within 24 hours of symptom onset in patients with TIA or minor shot, all were treated with aspirin [ Kennedy et Al 2007 – pg246 GB ] . The survey was stopped early owing to failure to recruit patients, likely due to the increased usage of lipid-lowering medicines during the survey period. Blood Pressure and Lipid take downing agents: There is some robust grounds from randomised tests to demo that blood force per unit area and cholesterin lowering are effectual for secondary bar of shot. The PROGRESS survey of perindopril and Lozal showed that BP decrease with an ACEi and diuretic get downing several hebdomads or months after TIA reduces the hazard of subsequent shot by about a 3rd. There is a positive correlativity between cholesterin and hazard of ischemic shot. Cholesterol take downing with lipid-lowering medicines reduces the hazard of shot in patients with old shot, coronary or peripheral vascular disease or diabetes. The Heart Protection Study 2002 did non demo a decrease in hazard of perennial shot on lipid-lowering medicines [ Collins et Al 2004 – pg 288 ] , perchance because patients were at low hazard of shot return since the incident shots occurred on mean 4.6 old ages before the survey oncoming. However the subsequent SPARCL test of Lipitor in patients who had had a shot or TIA within one to six months before survey entry showed a reduced overall shot hazard [ Amarenco et Al 2006 – page 288 ] . However there was a important parallel addition in hazard of hemorrhagic shot had been found in the HPS in the 3280 patients with old shot or TIA [ Collins et Al 2004 pg 288 ] . Lipid-lowering medicines should non, hence, be used in patients with old intracerebral bleeding unless there is a strong indicant related to the hazard of ischemic events. Cholesterol-lowering drugs: Meta-analyses found that larger decreases in LDL Cholesterol led to larger decreases in hazard of major vascular events and its constituent results, proposing that attachment to a statin regimen bring forthing a 1.5mmol/L decrease in LDL cholesterin would take to a decrease of about one tierce in the comparative hazard of major vascular events. The full benefits of cholesterin take downing with a lipid-lowering medicine emerged over the 2-3 old ages of intervention and continued for each twelvemonth that intervention was continued thenceforth. HPS was the largest of the RCTs in this meta-analysis. It included over 20,000 people. In a subsequent RCT, the SPARCL test, non included in the meta-anlysis, patients with a recent shot ( about all ischemic ) or TIA and no known coronary bosom disease were indiscriminately assigned to either atorvastatin 80 mg day-to-day or placebo for 5 old ages. The difference between HPS and SPARCL in the effects of of shot or TIA could be explained by opportunity, different intervention regimens, enlisting of patients earlier after their event in SPARCL, or a different balance between ischemic and hemorrhagic shot results. Both tests found similar comparative decreases of approximately 20 % in ischemic shot, and a 70 % or more increased relation hazard of hemorrhagic shot. Both tests found comparative decreases with a lipid-lowering medicine of approximately 20 % in major vascular events. [ See 119-120 ref from BB page 811 ] . There is really good grounds for routinely sing the usage of drawn-out lipid-lowering medicine intervention to take down cholesterl degrees in allpateints at high hazard of any type of major vascular event, including those with a anterior ischemic shot or TIA, and irrespective of the baseline cholesterin concentration. Treating 1000 people with a anterior ischemic shot or TIA for 5 old ages with a lipid-lowering medicine will take to the turning away of over 50 major vascular events. The grounds clearly suggests that cholesterin take downing with a lipid-lowering medicine should be considered in everybody with a history of an ischemic cerebrovascualr event. Lipid-lowering medicines are non recommended for those patients whose untreated cholesterin or LDL choleserol degrees are below 3.5 mmol/L in cholesterin and below 2.6 mmol/L in LDL choleseterol. It is besides non recommended to order a lipid-lowering medicine for patients with a history of intra intellectual bleeding ( ICH ) but no ischemic vascular events, since really few of these patients were included in the two chief RCTs. For those patients with a history of ICH who are besides considered to be at peculiar high hazard of future ischemic shot or coronary events, it is likely sensible to order a lipid-lowering medicine [ Page 814 Big Book ] . Evidence besides suggests that it may be good to get down the lipid-lowering medicine therapy in the first few yearss after the TIA. [ 134 Large book page 815 ] . To reason on lipid-lowering medicines ; intervention tends to get down with a lipid-lowering medicine every bit shortly as the diagnoss is made of a TIA with a baseline entire cholesterin of gt ; 3.5 mmol/L or LDL cholesterin gt ; 2.6 mmol/L. Both simvastatin 40mg day-to-day and atorvastatin 80mg daily have been shown to be good in these patients. SURGICAL INTERVENTION 120,000 people have a TIA or shot every twelvemonth in the UKat least 10,000 might be suited for CEA yet merely 4500 are being performed each twelvemonth. Recently published NICE guidelines suggest that CEA should be done on appropriate patients in 2 hebdomads of presentation. There have been unacceptable holds between symptom and surgery in the UK. Merely a fifth of diagnostic patients have surgery within two hebdomads, which is the recommended NICE guidelines. Diagnostic CEA is pressing and should hold precedence over elected surgery. The recent GALA test shows that the first 1001 UK patients had a average hold between symptoms and surgery of 82 yearss [ 7 from BLUE BMJ Research article ) Carotid Endarterectomy – Evidence of its benefit Surgical remotion of the atheromatic plaque from within the carotid arteria – the carotid endarterectomy ( CEA ) . Tests have proven that it is an effectual intervention for the secondary bar of shot in selected patients. CEA is associated with a assortment of possible complications such as shot and decease [ Naylor Ruckley, Bond et al – GB Ch 25 ] . It is apparent that surgery clearly prevents stroke in patients with diagnostic terrible CAS, but at a monetary value: hazard of shot as a effect of surgery, cost of surgery, hazard of other complications of surgery, cost of probes for choosing suited patients. Nowadays there is concern in the UK as to which patients should be offered surgery. [ 374 375 – BB- Ch 16 ] . As a consequence of big RCTs, it is now clear that CEA of late diagnostic terrible CAS about wholly abolishes the high hazard of ischemic shot over a period of 2-3 old ages. [ 369-371,445-447- Ch 16 BB ] . A clear advantage to surgery is shown when the diagnostic stricture exceeds 80 % diameter decrease of the arterial lms utilizing the ECST method ( European Carotid Surgery Trial ) , which is different to 70 % utilizing the NASCET method. In the NASCET test, CEA reduced the comparative hazard of shot by 65 % compared to medical intervention. The hazard of shot in patients with less than 60 % ( ECST ) stricture is so low, the hazard of surgery is non worthwhile for them. For patients with between 60 % and 80 % ( ECST ) stricture there is still some uncertainness as some of these may be at immense hazard of shot who gain from surgery. Whether the benefits of CEA or stenting in patients with symptomless stricture warrant the hazards and cost is still ill-defined, peculiarly in an epoch of improved medical interventions. ACST and ACAS, had absolute decreases in five-year hazard of shot with surgery were similar: 5.3 % and 5.1 % , severally. Carotid Stenting: Carotid stenting is less unpleasant and less invasive than carotid endarterectomy, and is more convenient and quicker. It is carried out under LA. Some little tests have compare stenting with CEA, and suggested that the procedural shot complication rate of stenting was similar to that of CEA and that there are fewer shots in the long-run. They besides showed that stenting might hold a higher hazard of shot and decease than CEA, and a higher rate of restenosis. The SPACE test is the largest survey comparing CEA with carotid stenting. Timing of Surgery Optimum timing of surgery has been a extremely controversial subject [ 473-474 – ch 16 BB ] . Surgery should be performed every bit shortly as it is moderately safe to make so, given the really high early hazard of shot during the first few yearss and hebdomads after the TIA in patients with diagnostic CAS. [ 16-475 – ch 16 ] . In stable patients there is no difference between early and subsequently surgery. Thus for stable patients with TIA, benefit from endarterectomy is greatest if performed within 1 hebdomad of the event. [ 390 ch 16 ] However in exigency carotid enarterectomy patients with germinating symptoms ( sucha s stoke in development, crescendo TIA ) had a high operative hazard of shot and decease of 19.2 % which was much greater than that for stable patients 9390 – 477 ch 16 ] . Therefore there is still uncertainness about the balance of hazard and benefit of surgery within 24-72 hours of the presenting event. [ 475 478 479 – hc 16 ] . Merely a minority of patients with TIA are possible campaigners for carotid endarterectomy ( CEA ) or stenting, make up one’s minding on surgical intercession instead than medical intervention entirely can be hard. In the ECST 30 % of patients with 90-99 % stricture had a shot in three old ages, 70 % did non. Both ECST and NASCET have two values for the stricture and this difference has been down to the manner the two tests underwent at that place angiographic techniques and to what extent the techniques used to mensurate stricture were accurate. ECST i? 70 % NASCET i? 50 % – WHY THE Difference? ? THE BIG AUDIT The DoH stroke scheme recommends that CEA should be carried out within 48 hours of symptoms, when the hazard of shot is highest, in patients with TIA who are neurologically stable. [ 17 BMJ ARTICLE ] . To accomplish this, utilizing FAST will assist public to recognize TIA and early shot [ 17 BMJ article ] . And the ABCD2 mark helps primary and secondary services to place those patients with TIA who are at highest hazard of shot. [ 18 BMJ Art. ] . Future Directions – How Potential Future Research may be designed to get the better of spreads and challenges Mentions Appendix 1: Methods Literature Search Strategy A controlled hunt scheme was employed to obtain informations from medical databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE ( Via PubMed ) , Web of Science, Science Direct ( Elsevier ) , and The Cochrane Library. I besides used the University MetaLib system. I used the capable hunt subdivision and selected ‘Health and Medicine ‘ as the chosen subject of research. It helped further my hunt for e-journals and articles. The systematic hunts were performed in September 2010 to place suited surveies and reappraisals that were published from 2000 until the present twenty-four hours ( i.e from the past ten old ages ) . Although some robust randomised controlled surveies were included which were necessarily dated back beyond this day of the month scope. Drawn-out hunts were made via cyberspace web sites and manual searching of diaries. Recently published, well-conducted systematic reappraisals and primary surveies were selected for inclusion in this systematic reappraisal. Interlending and Document Supply was besides used as a service provided by the Lancaster University Library, to recover some diary articles. Key Wordss Transeunt Ischaemic Attack, TIA, TIA Management, Treatment, Current therapy, Anti-coagulation, antiplatelet drugs, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, combination therapy, cerebrovascular accident, secondary bar. Using MeSH and seeking different Fieldss by using bounds enabled me to polish my consequences from databases. Any articles found within this hunt were so critically appraised ; their relevancy to this systematic reappraisal was besides so decided. Relevant diaries that were non found on the library MetaLib system, were searched for on Google Scholar and the page was taken straight to the database beginning site and so searched within the peculiar database archives. These include: Stroke, The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Journal of Vascular surgery, Annals of Vascular surgery. How to cite Management Of Transient Ischaemic Attacks Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Bin Laden and Hitler Compare and Contrast Essay Example For Students

Bin Laden and Hitler: Compare and Contrast Essay 1 September 1939: Adolf Hitler invades an unsuspecting Poland that started one of the most devastating wars in the history of the world. From this attack, Hitler went on to concur other great nations in Eastern Europe. Hitlers reign of terror resulted in the death of millions of Jews living in Eastern Europe and countless lives of American soldiers. 11 September 2001: Two planes hit the World Trade Center, a plane hits the Pentagon, and a plane crashes in Pennsylvania. It is immediately thought that terrorism is the cause of these disasters. Later, Osama Bin Laden is named the prime suspect in the first attack on American soil since the Pearl Harbor attack in World War II. This tragedy resulted in the death of over 5000 American firefighters, businessmen, and other civilians. Though these events in history seem rather different, there are some connections in the main parties involved: Hitler and Bin Laden. These two men are reasonable for a lot of death and devastation in the past 100 years, and they both basically had the same goal: to take over the world. First, to understand why these two men wanted to take over the world, we must first understand their background. Hitler was born in 1889 in Braunau, Austria. Hitlers early child was fairly normal, as he received high marks in elementary school. In 1903, Hitlers father died and Hitler dropped out of high school two years later at the age of 16. After his mother drew a widow pension and bought some land, Hitler stayed home and did not work. He dreamed of being an artist. Hitler moved to Vienna in 1907 were he tried to pursue his dream of being an artist. He wanted to attend the Academy of Fine Arts, but he failed the entrance exam twice. In 1907, Hitlers mother died and he received an inheritance from his mother, an aunt, and he received an orphans pension. He lived ideally in Vienna for the next few years and got interested in politics and admired the effective leadership of the Social Democratic Workers Party of Vienna. He also developed a strong hatred for the Jews and Slavs. In 1914 Hitler joined the armed forces of the German Army and gradually moved his way up the ranks as World War I progressed. After Germanys defeat, the country was in turmoil. Hitler wanted to bring power back to Germany. He joined the National Socialist German Workers Party and it became known as the Nazi party. Through the next years Hitler created the storm troopers, which were his personal army. Though the 1920s Hitler tried to overthrow the German government but he was unsuccessful and was incarcerated. After he was released from jail, Hitler reorganized the Nazi party and by 1933 the Nazis were a major political party. In 1933 Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany and by 1935 started limiting the rights of Jews in the country, and by the late 1930s, Hitler was the dictator of Germany. Hitler started invading lands and in 1939 he invaded Poland and started World War II. Hitler occupied most of Eastern Europe by 1945, but when he realized that he was losing the war and might have to surrender, Hitler killed himself in April of 1945. Bin Laden was born in 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to a wealthy Saudi family. He studied civil engineering and management in King Abdul Aziz University in Jidda. In 1979, he left Saudi Arabia to join a militant group to Pakistan who were fighting against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In Pakistan, Bin Laden founded an organization that recruited Muslim fighters from around the world to join the mujahideen. He also brought in construction equipment to aid the guerrillas and fought in several major battles. After the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, Bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, sparking the Persian Gulf War. Saudi leaders feared that Iraq would next try to take over the oil fields in eastern Saudi Arabia. .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .postImageUrl , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:hover , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:visited , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:active { border:0!important; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:active , .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1aa0410b0a0e59d933ea8fa5174ebfb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Community Building with Suicidal Behavior EssayThe United States and a number of other nations sent troops to Saudi Arabia to protect that country and help drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait. The placement of bases and troops by America and other western countries in Saudi Arabia infuriated Bin Laden and demanded that they leave. Bin Laden was eventually forced out of Saudi Arabia because of political reasons and pressure from the United States and other countries. Bin Laden fled to Afghanistan were he was under the protection the Taliban as he supplied them with money and weapons. He lives in Afghanistan to this day and still supports the Taliban. One aspect that both Hitler and Bin Laden have in common is a common goal and a common enemy. What this means is that both Hitler and Bin Laden focus their effort toward one particular thing. Both of these men have a goal, and in order to achieve this goal, they must conquer their enemy. First, a look at Hitlers goals and enemies. Hitlers first goal was to take over Germany. The way Hitler did this was by giving passionate speeches to huge masses of people. Stewart Ross says in his book Causes and Consequences of World War II, Hitler was one of the best public speakers that Germany had ever seen. Hitler gave the people hope they needed to get though the suffering they were enduring. (27) Though his political expertise and the state in which Germany was in, the people nominated Hitler as Chancellor. After he was nominated, Hitler soon took over the entire government and became the dictator of Germany. His second goal was to eliminate the Jewish population in Germany. The Jews became the common enemy of Germany and nothing would stop Hitler from achieving the goal of destroying all of the Jews. Eventually, Hitler expanded his hatred toward other people. Hitler had created in his mind the perfect race in which only the Germany that fit certain criteria, such as blonde hair and blue eyes, could live in his perfect society. Other people such as the handicapped, the mentally ill, and homosexuals were victim to his purification of Germany. But Hitler did not just have Germany in mind of his ethnic cleansing. Hitler wanted to eventually concur the world. He wanted the Third Reich to be the only power in the world and he wanted to be in control of it all. Also, Hitler felt he needed praise. Alan Bullock says in his book Hitler, No less striking was his constant need of praise. His vainity was inappeasable and the most fulsome flattery was received as no more than his due. (383) For German people, having the Jews as a common enemy seem to unite them and help them get out the slump they had been in for so long, but they didnt realize what it was costing them. Most people might not have agreed with Hitler, but he was doing the county good and seemed to keep them at the forefront of the world. For Bin Laden, enemy might be different, but his motives can seem similar. Bin Ladens main goal is to destroy America and the entire western world. He hates what America stands for and hates capitalism in general. He supplies money and weapons to anyone that terrorism the free world and anyone who doesnt obey the Koran. He will not stop until everyone in the world is a follower of Islam and that capitalism is no more. He also supports the incredibly oppressionistic government of the Taliban. Bin Laden want to rule over the world just as Hitler did, but under the guise of religion and not for his own personal gain. If he dies trying, his people will consider him a hero for his people. Hitler, on the other hand, did not believe in any god. He wanted to concur the world for his own self-satisfaction. .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .postImageUrl , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:hover , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:visited , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:active { border:0!important; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:active , .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u203725c9d83d2454078974a3aa19428f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legal Prostitution vs Illegal Prostitution misc EssayIt is no surprise that these men were probably the most dangerous men in the last 100 years. Whether they use the tactics of organized war efforts or the shady ways of terrorism, their egos and beliefs are what drive them to their goal of world domination. Thankfully one of the villains is already dead. His ego got the best of him and he killed himself. Unfortunately, the other man is still at large and one the most dangerous men today, and he has no plans on killing himself anytime soon. We can only count on our resilience and strength to overcome another enemy of such terror and evil.

Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín free essay sample

Nicomedes Mà ¡rquez Joaquà ­n (May 4, 1917–April 29, 2004) was a Filipino writer, historian and journalist, best known for his short stories and novels in the English language. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature. Nick Joaquin, is regarded by many as the most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing so variedly and so well about so many aspects of the Filipino.He was born to a home deeply Catholic, educated, and prosperous. His father, Leocadio Joaquà ­n, was a person of some prominence. Nick Joaquà ­n’s mother was a pretty, well-read woman of her time who had studied in a teacher-training institute during the Spanish period. Though still in her teens when the United States took possession of the Philippines, she was among the first to be trained by the Americans in English, a language she taught in a Manila public school before she left teaching after her marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Nicomedes Mà ¡rquez Joaquà ­n or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were ten children in the family, eight boys and two girls, with Nick Joaquin as the fifth child. In a home where he experienced an extremely happy childhood. Everything changed after his father lost the family fortune in due to failed investment. The young Nick Joaquà ­n dropped out of school. Only able to finish third year high school. Among other changes, he was unable to pursue the religious vocation that his strictly Catholic family had envisioned to be his future. Nick Joaquà ­n himself confessed that he always had the vocation for the religious life and would have entered a seminary if it were not for his father’s death.In his teenage years Nick was described by his sister to have had a â€Å"rabid and insane love for books.† For he would always be seen holding a book even when doing household chores. Both his parents had encouraged his interest in books. When he was around ten, his father got him a borrower’s card at the National Library. He was voracious, reading practically everything that caught his linking. After dropping out of school, Joaquà ­n worked as a mozo (boy apprentice) in a bakery in Pà ¡say and then as a printer’s devil in the composing department of the Tribune, of the TVT (Tribune-Vanguardia-Taliba) publishing company. This got him started on what would be a lifelong association with the world of print.

The Ancient Myths about Athena

The Ancient Myths about Athena In his mythology (The Age of Fable: Vols. I II: Stories of Gods and Heroes. 1913), Thomas Bulfinch uses the Roman name Minerva for the Greek goddess Athena. Chapters from Bulfinch that Feature Athena: Chapter 14Arachne and the Weaving Contest With AthenaThe beginning of this chapter details Athenas skills, her special connection with Athens, and her birth from the head of her father Zeus. The chapter goes on to describe a contest between a mortal woman, Arachne, and Athena. It follows with another challenge made by a mortal against a goddess, but the goddess is not Athena.Chapter 15MedusaBulfinch has already identified Athena in the previous chapter, so in this one, Athena is introduced as the goddess challenged by Medusa to a beauty contest. Regardless of who was more beautiful, Athena had to punish Medusa, which she did by turning her into a monster. Then, when the hero Perseus goes off to slay the monster, Athena comes to his assistance by lending him her shield the one he uses as a mirror so he can decapitate without being turned to stoneChapter 30Odysseus and AthenaIn this chapter, Bulfinch is describing the adventures of Odysseus. Odysseus has returned to Ithaca but doesnt recognize it until Athena in disguise tells him where he is. The chapter describes Odysseus return to his home where he finds and eventually slays the suitors who have been harassing his wife. Elsewhere in Bulfinch, Athena plays minor roles: Chapter 16Athena invents thunderbolts and deals with the winged horse Pegasus.Chapter 20Theseus blames Athena for abandoning Ariadne and sets up the Panathenaea to honor her.Chapter 2Here Athena helps Prometheus steal fire to give to mankind.Chapter 19Athena and Hermes accompany Hercules to the Underworld.Chapter 7In this chapter, Bulfinch invents a conversation between Aphrodite and her son in which she names Athena as one who defies her.

Business Law for Educational Administration

As observed in the given scenario, Jim and Steve were regarded to be the directors and shareholders of XYZ Pty Ltd. They have their own shares in this corporate trustee. Jim had engaged $3000 in a consulting firm named ABC Pty Ltd since it will help the business to grow. The issue that arose was that the moment Jim engaged himself into the business XYZ Pyt Ltd became insolvent. The individual who will be liable to ABC Pty Ltd for the $3000 consultancy fees is all the shareholders and directors of the pany. However, there was no contract formed between Jim and Leon from the ABC Pty Ltd. Jim realized that if he invests that amount in this consultancy firm then, his trustee firm would be able to stand or make a position in the market. Therefore, Jim without consulting the members of the pany invested the amount. It can be stated that Jim along with other shareholders and directors will be liable to ABC Pyt Ltd. According to the pany Law, the directors and shareholders of the pany will be liable if one of the directors is at fault. A pany is an artificial person and therefore it cannot be sued or be liable for the activities of the pany[1]. A shareholder of a pany is said to be limited by shares that has limited liability. However, the shareholders are said to be limited to the nominal value of its shares. The pany has a separate legal personality as pared to t he shareholders and a separate liability to the individuals associated with the pany. It can be analyzed that if a pany b es insolvent based on the director’s fault then, that particular director and other existing shareholders will be liable for it. A shareholder is said to be not that interested in the pany but since Jim was one of the directors of the pany he will be liable for such an occurrence[2]. Such a situation has been observed in the case of . Shlensky v Wrigley. However, the beneficiaries of the fixed family trust were their two adult children Mathew and Jenna. Anyhow, the XYZ Pyt Ltd was struggling to find a foothold in the market that Jim engaged $3000 to the consultancy firm of ABC Pyt Ltd. Jim was confident about his investment in the ABC Pyt Ltd. As per the panies Act, the directors of a pany are exposed to the liabilities as a consequence of a breach of their duties. Liabilities generally arise under various statutes but in this scenario, it arose under the pany Law. Lastly, it can be concluded stating that Jim and Steve will be held liable to ABC Pyt Ltd for the consultancy fees of $3000. In this given case, Cheryl and Beryl were business partners and had started a business called CB Investments. Both of them made a partnership deed with the help of a lawyer. Both of them buys a mercial plot of land from Arnold. Beryl also bought a residential block from Arnold that Cheryl was unaware about[3]. The mercial land bought by them was later sold and they earned a huge amount of profits. After twelve months or after a year, Cheryl found out that Beryl had purchased the residential block to make a lucrative investment. Cheryl and Beryl were partners and started a business of investment together. Therefore, they can exercise the rights of partners on each other and as well as on their purchases. In Australia, as per the Limitations and Partnership Act, a partner cannot sue the other partner based on an incident that happened a year ago[4]. The limitation of the time-period for suing the partner is less than twelve months. Being partners, they have equal rights and must have equal knowledge of the activities taking place in the business. If Cheryl had knowledge about this incident before the period of twelve months, she could have sued Beryl for keeping secrets from the other partner[5]. The profit earned on the residential property of $300,000 was also not informed to Cheryl. It was the duty of Beryl to inform Cheryl about the extra profit earned on the residential block. However, as per the Law, the partners will be entitled to receive the same amount of profits and should know about what the other partner is upto. Instead of suing Beryl, Cheryl can ask for her share from the $300.000 that was earned from the residential block[6]. Beryl will be liable for keeping secrets from Cheryl. According to law, an incorporated limited partnership where a limited partner is involved   will be liable only for a liability that has been acquired by the partnership. However, in certain circumstances, the limited partner will be held liable if the manner of the acts occur within the same State. A voluntary partnership can wind up if the agreement formed does not exist. As seen in the case of Griffiths CJ in Land v James Morrison & Co Ltd, one of the partners failed to sue the other partner because the duration was not less than twelve months. The CB Investments was a business set up by both Cheryl and Beryl in Queensland. The partnership deed should be a well documented one so that Cheryl can claim for her shares but since the limited period was twelve months and she found out about it a y ear later it will not make any difference[7]. However, Cheryl will be advised to sue Beryl for keeping secrets from her during the course of their partnership but will fail to do so because of the limited period. Lastly, it can be concluded stating that according to law, a partner can sue the other partner during their course of partnership based on the limitation period time. It can be observed it is important to discuss and disclose the activities of the partners during the course of partnership. Suing each other depends on the period of limitation[8]. Chen, Vivien, Ian Ramsay, and Michelle Welsh. "Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure." (2016). De Silva Lokuwaduge, Chitra, and Anona Armstrong. ‘The impact of governance on the performance of the higher education sector in Australia.’  Educational Management Administration & Leadership  43.5 (2015): 811-827. Du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Andreas Rà ¼hmkorf. ‘New trends regarding sustainability and integrated reporting for panies: what protection do directors have?.’ (2015). Lyons, Malcolm, and Amanda Stark. "Enhanced scope for extension of patent term for pharmaceuticals under Australian law."  Pharmaceutical patent analyst  4.5 (2015): 351-355. Mà ©ndez, Carlos Fernà ¡ndez, Shams Pathan, and Rubà ©n Arrondo Garcà ­a. ‘Monitoring capabilities of busy and overlap directors: Evidence from Australia.’  Pacific-Basin Finance Journal  35 (2015): 444-469. Murray, Philomena. "EU–Australia relations: a strategic partnership in all but name?."  Cambridge Review of International Affairs  29.1 (2016): 171-191. Voon, Tania SL, and Andrew D. Mitchell. "The Trans-Pacific Partnership as a Development of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: Services Liberalization and Investment Protection." (2016). Warner, Michael, and Rory Sullivan. "Introduction."  Putting Partnerships to Work. Routledge, 2017. 12-23.

The Emergence of Trust and Power within a Business Network Essay

The Emergence of Trust and Power within a Business Network - Essay Example It is a critical and strategic issue which needs to be dealt very carefully, this element of trust is vital in all kinds of relationships whether it is within the business or with the external stakeholders. It is very hard to make this trust however one mistake can hurt the reputation very badly and create serious consequences for the future of the business. Power is the acquisition of assets and its control which gives dominance to a party over the other. It is to have the control and ability to influence the decision of the other party. Power has its own benefits and draws backs within a business network. Too much or less of it has its own effects. However, it has been seen that where there is trust there is less likelihood of power causing any harm to the social or business network (Group H.R., 2000). When we talk about the long-term success of the business then this success is dependent on the development of positive networks in the industry. Business networks are an opportunity for the owners of the business and the team of employees to improve themselves continuously. They are a collection of companies linked through agreements for business purposes who work together to get over all benefits for the members in doing so they need to make business dealings and work together and invest and divest money Thinking Made Easy, p21, 2009). A company in the business network tends to learn from one another’s mistakes and successes and based on that they derive solutions to their own problems. Apart from the business perspective networking helps in social activities and events. It leads to strong bonds and close relationships with the business partner which is good for the business in the long term (Daft, p110, 2001). The relationship must be enduring and permanent in nature.  

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example I started working at that restaurant from the age of sixteen as a first delivery personnel. Gradually, I got promoted and finally got the position of Assistant Manager. The duties and responsibilities of Assistant Manager included coordinating between the waiters and the kitchen, making sure that all the orders are filled in tie and waiters do not make any kind of mistake pertaining to filling the orders. Another responsibility was related to the decors of the restaurant and reporting any problem that might arise on the part of waiters or any other workers. Apart from me, there was also another Assistant who had the responsibilities of the kitchen supplies. Our manager was very proficient in running the restaurant. The manager was authoritative in nature and he wanted the instructions to be pursued in great detail. We were not allowed to make decisions on our own as there was no delegation at all. He did not have the habit of taking his assistants into confidence. The main objective of managing and maintaining the restaurant definitely got accomplished easily due to this style of leadership of our manager but his subordinates used to get highly disappointed with him including me, the other assistant and the waiters. Slowly and gradually, everyone started having problems with him as he was way more authoritative and wanted everyone to follow his instructions. Other workers used to manage somehow, but were very disappointed with the behavior of our manager since I had the habit of doing work based on my own decisions. Due to this, I started having serious conflicts with my manager. My job was also in danger as humiliating or unethical behavior with senior staff could cost me a loss of a good job. The situation got more serious when during a busy weekend I was asked by my manager regarding assisting the cashier when I was already on my toes in performing my old duties and, therefore, I did not have enough time for new responsibilities. At first, I politely refused him but he did not want to understand my position. I told that I was already busy in my previous duties but he was committed to his statement that only I had to help the cashier. That situation led to conflict between me and my manager and we argued with each other for about 30 minutes. At last, I had to obey his command and I was compelled to follow his instructions. I had decided in my mind that I had to talk to senior manager related to this issue. The next day, I went to the senior manager and told him the entire situation. At first, he also gave the glimpse of being an authoritative leader but later on he understood my view point and called the manager. We both were in the cabin of our Senior Manager and my manager was continually debating and arguing with him. Making someone understand a simple thing was never been so difficult for me. With all due respect, he was not only authoritative but also very stubborn. Anyway, the senior manager provided us both the list of duties of assistant manager and asked to follow the duties which were mentioned in the list. The list consisted of duties and responsibilities for both: the manager and the assistant manager. I was a bit relaxed that now the problem has been solved to certain extent and from now I will try to have minimal interaction with my manager, though it was not possible practically. To certain extent, I learnt to compromise and I had to kill my own ideas, feedback and

Education + Parents involvement Essay Example for Free

Education + Parents involvement Essay Childhood carries a similar attitude for all the children [boys and girls] unto the age 3 years in respect of play, fun and learning. A careful study of Montessori education reveals that the child develops learning, reading and a domestic-kind of assignment as a workshop, tells a lot about the child within three years. This is irrespective of the gender. Reading skills are picked up by children only in this age. Influence on Early childhood education World Literacy of Canada (WLC) approach to early childhood education programming in recent years has been the Early Years of Study This study of Reversing the Real Brain Drain (published in 1999) by Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain and Dr.J.Fraser Mustard. The findings are: Need for early childhood development programs based on the new understanding of brain development in the early years of and its effect on subsequent learning, behavior and health for individuals. First three years of a child, sets the stage for competence and coping skills for the later stages of life. Need for more integrated framework for early child development and parenting support. Recommendations for parental guidance: Parents must be provided with awareness, support and skills for the early development of their children. Build relation with children. Undertake programs to parents and educators to learn new ways to nurture children and develop responsive relationships between adults and children. Participation of parents in children’s programs. ï‚ § Interactive and supportive learning system with children along with parents. ï‚ § Active role with children in play and reading at home. ï‚ § Create a safe and friendly environment for children. ï‚ § Create programs where children of all backgrounds and abilities will feel loved and valued – this will stimulate brain development, learning and self-confidence. ï‚ § Play-based learning, and problem solving for young children under the guidance of educators and parents. Resources of early childhood development ï  ¶ Toy and resource libraries ï  ¶ Nutrition programs ï  ¶ Cultural events for children .e.g mobile toy book lending libraries ï  ¶ Theme-based learning ï  ¶ Play-kits. Special efforts and care for parents who are isolated to participate and benefit from the program. Create an awareness that children are part of social structure and emphasis on early childhood development. Parents involvement and its influence on achievement of Reading by students. The approach of the parent towards children is of similar kind with regard to education. Parents who stay-at-home moms can dedicate more time for motivating children in their reading habits especially to boys, by studying their interests and by discussing the topics which will detail about their approach to reading habits. Compelling boys to read for a certain hours of a day, forcibly, would not derive maximum results, as some parents believe. Instead motivation and allowing the boys to think and re-think about themselves, is certainly an achievement for the parents in the long run for developing reading habits. Today’s tech-savvy days also stand as a hindrance to the attainment of reading habits to children. The reason being, an easy access to television, computer, internet, video games, cartoon movies has enabled the children to move away from books, which is not at all a good ground for school education. Parental guidance with teacher’s support is the only solution for imbibing reading habits to children. For instance, the recent ‘Harry Potter’ novels have created a large amount of selling of books around the world. Harry Potter, movies as well as books have been sold by publishers. This includes readers of all ages, including adolescents. †¢ Sorcerer’s Stone †¢ Chamber of Secrets †¢ Prisoner of Ascaban †¢ Goblet of fire This is a relevant example, that children do read books, based on fiction, magic and fun. When it comes to the reading of curriculum, children may not feel as interesting as the fiction is. There is still scope for creating energy and interest among the students, and it mostly rests on the shoulders of parents and teachers. The precious hours of study of students are in the environment of school. The core area for their their learning activity and personality development. Students depict 60 percent effect of their school, while the parental guidance is only 40 percent. Most of the part what they are is shaped only in school. It is a well-known fact that parents and teachers work together to bring the best out of the students. How can parents tell if teachers are doing a good job?   Ed World’s â€Å"Principal Files† team members offer their perspective. Included: Look at the work students bring home and â€Å"the hard sell†. Parents communication with teachers is the key ingredient to the parents to know how their children are studying in the school. Term Grade papers, newsletters give a correct picture of students performance. According to Principal Nina Newlin â€Å"A teacher who has a good relationship with students is likely to be a regular parent informant†. nformation can be through email, telephone but there is a genuine concern about events in classroom to inform to the parents.. Mostly students evaluate a good’ teacher. Parents are also are guided by students in getting answers for their questions.   Students are always honest in answering to the questions of parents about the events in the classroom. Conversation at dinner table, a look at home work or a independent activity given, suggest to the parents, the performance of their children. A prompt check over the assignments is very important duty on the part of parents for the overall efficiency of the student. It also discloses a fact to the student that he/she is being monitored closely and there’s no opportunity to haywire. Many schools follow the procedure of being fair in classroom rules and procedures, tough in standards of performance, and fun in learning and classroom lessonsâ€Å"follow them home† wherever it is required.   Visiting school premises and watching students in the classroom also gives a true picture and to the satisfaction of the parents.   Volunteering also helps parent-teacher community to train the students for maximum achievements in their academic pursuit. Ultimately, if the student is happy and active in and out of learning area, it is learnt by the parent that the student is learning and happy in school area. What are effective steps for boys literacy with the involvement of parents Many child psychologists agree that adaptation of psychological methods to motivate children in inculcating reading habits, would certainly bring about a change in the development of boys. A thorough, methodical and continuous assistance of the parents is required, without imposing any punishments but rewards for one-to-one achievements that a child is prompted to do. In other words, ‘if you read this particular book and tell me’ ‘a reward would be a candy or a snack of your choice’. To this many child psychologists agree. Children are more smarter than parents. Therefore, parents must never let the children know that they are indirectly pursuing the children towards the concept of ‘sit with books for hours and read’, instead an idea of ‘helping hand’ or an atmosphere of an activity should be created. Parents can also prepare a long-term plan for improving the reading habits, by maintaining a statistical record of hours of reading spent by the child. This will also give a clear picture to the parent, whether the goal is being attained. A good amount patience, having a great understanding about the child, likes and dislikes, dos and don’ts, individual perception of the child towards the environment, study of personality will truly help the parent to remove the lacunae in the child. Particularly in the case of boys, in their adolescence they are action oriented. In other words, play indoor games, outdoor games, video games, watch movies, ride bikes, are some of the areas of interest for a large number of boys. A good and plain discussion with boys, about their activities outdoor, at school or college, a bit of guidance, without involving any argumentative statements, will direct the boys to ‘the thinking area’ of their own attainments and to reach set goals. A good friend for a boy should be made available ‘at home itself’ and that is none other than the ‘parent’. Many experts on education made the research study on boys reading habits. They formed an opinion that, boys mostly feel reading is an activity done by girls. Thus, boys are trailing behind the girls. A recent study in Canada, published in ‘Reading Manitoba’ found that 76% of the boys interviewed did not see reading as a feminine activity, and 73% enjoyed reading. Experts opine that offering the choice of material according to the boys interest, would be a good solution in achieving reading habits to the boys. Conclusion Education for children all over the world carries a great importance. Nations which are developed have more advanced sources for imparting education viz., Australia, Newzealand, U.S., Britain.   An analysis of education states that, many parents opt education overseas instead of domestic education. The reason being, parents believe, that the overseas curriculum is extensive, focusing the student to many aspects of education. Although this is partly true, the domestic education shapes the students [K-12] and effective methods of imparting education and touching the interests areas of students must be developed. For instance., domestic projects, like ‘how to do laundry’ ‘how to be a good host’ ‘attend a super market’, these will outline the interests of a students and reveal so much of personality from the students. Based on the results, parents and teachers can study their interests, and accordingly encourage them reading habits in those areas, thereby students also begin to learn to be active.   Modern day system of education, is such as mushroom of notes and homework, internals, exams, to some extent children also feel agitated over the system of education and lose the interest in studies. Adding to this, if parents emphasise more on reading, they catch the boredom and flee to find fund moments elsewhere, which is a common factor among students.   Finally to conclude, a change in system of education, close monitoring by parents and teachers will only lead the children back to the good old days of reading comics, enid blytons, phantom or sherlock holmes. www.worldlit.ca http://www.liamodonnell.com/. Article by Gary Hopkins,Education World ® Copyright  © 2004 Education World

Standing In The Light :: essays research papers

1. The theme of this book was in search of ones self. I chose this theme because Catharine was in search of her self throughout the whole story. Her and her brother were taken captive by the Lenape Indian tribe and she had to search to find her self throughout her time in captivity. In the beginning when she was captured, it was awkward and confusing. This was because she was a Quaker and she didn’t know if she was now an Indian or still a Quaker, because the Lenape weren’t going to return her to her family. She had to search her own self, and eventually she became used to the way of Indian life. She never forgot her family, but she had come to love her new family. She had also become accustomed to her new way of life. After about a year of living with the Lenape, white men came and took Catharine and her brother away. This really made her confused because she had just found herself with the Lenape and now she has to find herself with her own family again. She never quite found herself with her people, but she would always know where she truly belonged. 2 The main character of this book was Catharine. She was strong-willed and adjusting. She was strong-willed when she had the strength to adjust to her new ways of life. She was pulled from her old life, to her new life, back to her old life. It was very difficult for her because both the Quakers and the Lenape were two very different cultures. She found herself having mixed feelings and a lot of confusion, but she had the will to deal with it. Catharine was also adjusting. She was adjusting when she had to adjust to life with the Lenape. She had to learn new ways of life; she had to learn how to survive off the land. She also made her own clothes and gathered food. She also had to adjust to new customs. The Lenape religion and the Quaker religion are very distinct from eachother. Catharine adjusted to the Lenape religion very well. 3. The Author wrote this book for a couple of reasons. First, she wrote it for entertainment. A lot of people like to read books about the past. Also, I have never read a book about Indians capturing a girl and her brother.

Formal Public Architecture and its Role in Establishing, Reproducing and Maintaining Power

Question 6: Formal public architecture is frequently associated with political and spiritual power, but different theoretical attacks to the subject will concentrate on really different features and methods of analysis. Discourse the major schools of idea on formal public architecture and its function in set uping, reproducing, and keeping power. Illustrate these differences through two illustrations – one from the Old World and the other from the New World. Many thoughts exist on how architecture and the animalism of reinforced environments status interpersonal interaction and prolong political and ideological dealingss. The topic of architecture is of importance to archeologists in that it is frequently a canvas for social or cultural alteration. This treatment explores the different major schools of idea on formal public architecture and its function in set uping, reproducing, and keeping power. By supplying two illustrations separated non merely by clip but besides by location, this paper explores how these different positions and how the archeologists who use them undertake this type of research. On analyzing how power can be established through architecture, many archeologists and research workers have turned to the Ancient Maya. The Ancient Maya had a complex political system, which was surely propagated through architecture ( Weigand 1991 ) . It is argued that exclusionary/network and corporate schemes â€Å"can be connected to specific establishments, frequently associated with formalistic built space† ( Beekman 2013:2 ) . Inclusive group individuality is characteristic of Maya society, and it is maintained through ceremonial and ritual. Formally designed infinites â€Å"have restricted maps in service to the societal hierarchy of a polity† ( Weigand 1991:93 ) . Beekman ( 2013 ) argues for four types of formal architecture ( characteristic of the Teuchitlan Tradition ) that is seen during the Late Formative-Early Authoritative period as methods of political constitution and care: shaft grave, guachimonton constructions, ball tribunals and elect families. Located under great public constructions, shaft graves are seen as an exclusionary scheme from which Maya elites drew attending to the wealth and connection of their line of descent. Beekman ( 2013:4 ) argues that â€Å"the grave in the ceremonial centres therefore demonstrated greater genealogical deepness for group claims to the rubrics or ceremonial places associated with the public architecture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Guachimontones, which are round pyramid-like constructions, played an of import function in public ceremonials such as banquets, musical public presentations and ceremonial rites. Important ceremonial functions were shared among several higher ranking groups due to their ownership o f sacred cognition: â€Å"Holding a privileged place within the circles and take parting in these ceremonials allowed elect households to roll up increased prestigiousness, reproducing their place and solidifying their societal distance from subjects† ( Beekman 2013:5 ) . Ballcourts in Maya civilization are another premier illustration of power: â€Å"†¦ squads or persons could potentially stand out through presentations of their skill† ( Beekman 2013:6 ) . Last, elect families farther demonstrated group inclusiveness and the overall power of a group. The size and comparative intimacy to ceremonial centres suggests social inequality – that some descendent groups had more entree to resources than others. Concentrating on the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was a cardinal participant in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Monroe ( 2010:368 ) examines the function of royal castle design in circulating societal and political order: â€Å" [ he argues ] that royal castle design therefore served as a material constituent of broader political schemes deployed by Dahomean male monarchs to anchor a vision of order and societal hierarchy in politically disruptive times.† As the slave trade grew during the 17th century, Dahomean elites gained entree to great wealth. As the land became more and more politically and economically stable, the elites began to raise excessive royal castles. These royal castles materialized political power in a figure of of import ways: â€Å"On the one manus, the constructions themselves materialized the coercive power of the state†¦ On the other manus, these castles served as the phases upon which the one-year ceremonials were performed, and during which huge me asures of wealth were distributed to the public† ( Monroe 2010:378 ) . The distribution of wealth, the public show of human forfeit and the incorporation of coercive symbols of province authorization nowadays in the architecture’s constellation served to foreground both the redistributive and coercive maps of the province. Similarly, historical scenes embedded in the walls of these castles served as a primary tool for bring forthing a sense of historical continuity and case in point for governing persons. The interior infinite set to further reenforce Dahomean elect power: â€Å"It was within such courtyards that most affairs of province were discussed, and certain more private elements of the state’s ritual rhythm were conducted† ( Monroe 2010:379 ) . From exterior to interior, architecture and the infinite it created stood to enforce a political, ideological and societal power over the Dahomey landscape. These illustrations stand as clear grounds that architecture is and can be used as a medium to set up and keep political power. As the survey of architecture in archeology is turning in popularity, there stands this demand to develop specific attacks: â€Å"Instead of being listed and categorized as an artefact, possibly utile for dating or as graphics, constructions are animating new theory and methodological analysis with which to analyze them† ( Drennan 2010:2 ) . The major schools of idea on formal architecture can be divided into three classs: functional ( processual ) , structural ( post-processual ) and societal ( political economic system ) . Advocates of the functional attack embracing a materialist mentality in covering with architecture: â€Å"The functional attack asserts that the significance of objects ( including edifices ) prevarications in their intent or use† ( Johnston and Gonlin 1998:150 ) . Function is defined in economic and societal organisational terms—what a edifice or room is used for. The functional attack to formal architecture is mostly classificatory and descriptive. Buildings are categorized by ‘type’ based on these maps. Function is established by look intoing the formal belongingss of architecture, the presence or absence of characteristics and the composing of artifact gatherings found within them. This attack spawns from colony surveies, which is the relationship between the spacial patterning of colonies on the natural landscape and the ecological determiners of colony ( Willey et al. 1965 ) . In that the processual position looks a natural environment-human behaviour relationship, a displacement in linguistic communication so allows processual thoughts and methods to be applied in look intoing a built environment-human behaviour relationship. Spatial model ing methods, when look intoing architecture, expression at the distribution of architectural signifiers within a site every bit good as spacial distribution within edifices. Space within these constructions plays merely as of import of a function in functional analyses: â€Å"There is a organic structure of social-spatial theory associated with infinite sentence structure that posits a instead rigorous and deterministic relationship among edifices, motion, and societal relations.† ( Smith 2011:176 ) . How infinites within a construction are arranged and related to one another and how a edifice mediates the relationships between its residents and visitants. This perspective focal points on the importance of motion within built environments and the significance of entree ( restricted vs. unfastened ) for societal interaction: â€Å" [ Functional attacks ] work on the premise that the infinite around edifices is structured such that aliens can travel approximately, but merely dwellers and certain aliens ( visitants ) are allowed inside constructions. Inhabitants have an investing of power and are the accountants, while visitants entre or star as topics of the system and are hence controlled† ( Markus 1993:13 ) . That is to state, architecture and the infinite within it functions as a agency of inequality – the effort of power. A figure of designers and authors have held the position that architecture is a symbolically-representative linguistic communication and that edifices can be read as texts The structural attack takes on a different mentality when analyzing architecture. Culture is viewed as an conceptional screen or significance system through which persons conceptualize themselves, others and the universe around them ( Bourdieu 1985 and Giddens 1979, 1982 ) . Cardinal to this position is the premise that persons reproduce and express cultural constructions by ordaining them in day-to-day pattern ( Hodder 1989 ) . Peoples draw from a reservoir of corporal memories accumulated over the class of a life-time: â€Å" [ Architectural design ] is an eminently matter-of-fact human activity, with, to boot inventive, allusory, and less touchable implications† ( Patel 2009:1 ) . It is an extension of a culture’s individuality and of personal individuality. It is world. Architectural design is a procedure whereby societal groups make picks refering several perennial sets of activities. Space solidifies societal significances. Structural attacks are is concerned with the ways in which contrivers and designers design metropoliss and edifices are used to pass on specific messages, typically of a societal, ideologicall and political nature ( Smith 2010 ) . The construct of â€Å"materialization of ideology† ( DeMarrais et al. 1996 ) is closely related to this attack in that formal architecture becomes both a vehicle for communicating of significances and a phase for reproduction of those significances in the context of day-to-day pattern. Formal architecture is perceived as â€Å"‘structuring structures’ – culturally loaded infinites that socialize by promoting patterns consistent with the significances that they encode† ( Johnston and Gonlin 1998:145 ) . Social control as a mechanism of power is encoded in architecture, which serves as a phase where constructions of power, privilege and inequality are created, enacted and re-created. Additionally, a societal attack, which follows much of the dogmas of political economic system, investigates the dwellers or users of a peculiar infinite as socioeconomic entities. It is contended that topographic point devising is an inherently elect pattern: â€Å"†¦ [ it suggests ] that topographic points are needfully programmed and designed in agreement with certain involvements – chiefly the chase of agreeableness, net income, position and political power† ( Dovey 1999:1 ) . Power is non inertly embedded in reinforced signifier, but alternatively actively mediated through it. Social attacks allow for a better apprehension of the political kineticss of topographic point – how stratification of topographic point every bit good as of persons and groups – are established and maintained. As societal units become progressively specialised, artifacts with high symbolic content – particularly built environments – are needed to assist incor porate a society’s disparate parts ( Rathje and Schiffer 1982 ) . There is a demand for both separation and togetherness. In this, architecture refers to the societal circulation of significances, values and pleasances and to the procedures of organizing societal individualities and societal relationships. Architecture is seen as a agency of resource control. By using these positions to the illustrations provided earlier in this treatment, we see merely how archeologists begin to take out architecture’s function in complex behaviour. On the one manus, functionalists would see the Dahomey royal castles every bit working as topographic points of abode every bit good as centres of historical chronology, assembly and distribution. Correspondingly, the architectural signifiers of the Teuchitlan tradition map as centres of entombment, ceremonial, abode and competition/sport. The infinites within these architectural types map as schemes of inclusion and exclusion. These castles served to tag passages between spheres such as inside/outside, sacred/sacrilegious, public/private and elite/commoner. On the other manus, structuralists would see these constructions as active participants in the conditioning of human experience. These construction contain of import information, which is critical for successful wayfinding. At one degree, both illustrationsperformedelite power across urban landscapes, doing symbolic claims to the nature of province authorization and supplying phases upon which historical claims to political legitimacy were expressed. However, no less of import were the ways in which the mundane pattern of political relations was shaped by the internal deferrals of these constructions. This transmutation was marked by an addition in both the segregation of political activities and control over motion within these infinites. These all can be argued as influential factors in how one non merely perceives his universe but besides how one identifies himself. Furthermore, the societal position sees that the Dahomean castles and the constructions of the Teuchitlan tradition speak to a more economic stance on power: entree and control over resources. In that these constructions have cosmogonic undertones and are straight tied to ceremonial rites, the inclusionary and exclusionary patterns suggest control over ritual cognition. By restricting entree to such cognition, we see an effort and support of the power. We see opposition and rapprochement. These architectural constructions and the activities held within them are meant to divide and convey together. In all, architectural surveies within archeology must be able to get by with its rich spacial and communicative facets. Functional attacks are of import, but we must travel beyond this. As Hiller and Hanson ( 1984: 27 ) architecture and its relation to power demand to â€Å"be non so much a byproduct of the societal alterations, but an intrinsic portion of them and even to some extent causative of them.† As laid out by Tilley ( 1996:162 ) , the survey of architecture in archeology genuinely conceptualizes how infinite is used to intercede experience: â€Å" [ Space is ] experient and known through the motion of the human organic structure in infinite and through time.† These positions lend of import penetrations that have aided to the treatment of power as materialized through architecture. We see how map, significance and command all play a portion in the rise and care of power. 1